By Pradeep N 1. Introduction The African Union (AU) is a continental body of 55 member states established in 2002 (succeeding the Organisation of African Unity, founded 1963), headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It pursues continental integration, peace and security, and socio-economic development through its long-term blueprint, Agenda 2063: ‘The Africa We Want’. India’s engagement…

By Pradeep N 1. Introduction Postmodernism (also called post-structuralism) is one of the most radical of the “critical” approaches to International Relations (IR). Emerging within the discipline in the 1980s, it challenges the very foundations on which mainstream theories such as realism and liberalism are built. Where these traditional theories assume that the world can…

By Pradeep N 1. Introduction India is one of nine states in the world that possess nuclear weapons, and one of only four nuclear-armed states that have never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Its nuclear journey is distinctive: it combines a self-image as a long-standing champion of global disarmament with a determination to retain…

By Pradeep N Comprehensive Study Notes for International Relations Covering: History • Trade • India’s Role • Key Agreements • Political & Strategic Dimensions 2025–26 Edition 1. OVERVIEW & QUICK FACTS What is the SCO?The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation founded on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai. It is the…

by Pradeep N INDIA – ASEAN RELATIONS Comprehensive Academic Notes on History, Agreements, Trade & Key Facts 1. Overview India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) share one of Asia’s most significant and evolving strategic partnerships. Rooted in civilisational linkages and geographic proximity, the relationship has grown into a comprehensive framework encompassing political…

by Pradeep N 1. Brief History of BRICS BRICS is an intergovernmental grouping of five — later expanded — major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The grouping has evolved from an economic acronym into one of the most consequential multilateral forums of the 21st century. 1.1 Origins: From BRIC to BRICS…

Pradeep N Social Media and Governance: Simple Notes Introduction Social media refers to digital platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, X/Twitter) that enable users to create, share, and interact with content in real time. In the context of governance, it acts as a tool for governments to communicate policies, engage citizens, gather feedback, promote transparency,…

Pradeep N Note to readers: I am providing simple and complex notes here. The first part is a very simple notes. The second is more advanced. I have also added Quiz at the end to check your competency. Here is a very simple notes Here is a very simple notes on Systems Theory of International…

Pradeep N Executive Summary The relationship between India and the European Union (EU) stands at a pivotal juncture in 2026, marked by the historic conclusion of negotiations for a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the signing of a comprehensive Security and Defence Partnership (SDP) on 27 January 2026 during the 16th India-EU Summit in…