introduction Will Kymlicka’s political thought is best known for its focus on multiculturalism, minority rights, and the relationship between liberal democracy and cultural diversity. Kymlicka, a Canadian political philosopher, has been a leading voice in contemporary debates about how liberal states should respond to the claims of ethnic, cultural, and national minorities. His work argues…

Introduction Friedrich von Hayek’s political thought centers on the defense of individual liberty, spontaneous order, and the dangers of centralized planning. His work remains foundational to modern classical liberalism and critiques of collectivist ideologies. Friedrich August von Hayek, a towering figure in 20th-century political philosophy and economics, championed liberal democracy and free-market capitalism as bulwarks…

Introduction: India’s foreign policy is profoundly shaped by its rich and tumultuous history, which serves as both a repository of lessons and a blueprint for strategic autonomy. From the ancient era of expansive empires like the Mauryas and Guptas that fostered cultural diplomacy and trade across Asia, to the medieval interactions with Central Asian powers…

References Tripura University Notes

Introduction Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) was a Russian‑British historian of ideas and political theorist whose lucid essays revived Anglophone political philosophy and anchored modern liberal thought in a distinctive defense of freedom and value pluralism. Best known for the essay “Two Concepts of Liberty,” he drew a seminal distinction between negative liberty—freedom from coercion—and positive…

Introduction Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) is the landmark Supreme Court case that crystallized the basic structure doctrine, holding that while Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is vast, it cannot alter or destroy its fundamental framework. The petition, brought by the head of the Edneer Mutt challenging Kerala’s land…

Introduction The Golaknath case, formally I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1967), is a landmark Supreme Court decision that held Parliament could not amend or abridge Fundamental Rights under Part III by using its amending power, treating constitutional amendments as “law” subject to Article 13 and thus void if they curtailed those rights;…

PDF Kannada Further Reading Introduction St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE), a pivotal figure in medieval political thought, revolutionized Christian philosophy by integrating Platonic ideas with biblical theology, particularly in his seminal work “The City of God,” where he distinguished between the earthly city, bound by temporal power and human sin, and the heavenly city,…

Fundamental Rights in India appear in Part III of the Constitution, encompassing Articles 12 to 35. These rights guarantee essential freedoms and protections to all citizens for the development of their personalities and maintaining equality, liberty, and justice. Historically, the concept of Fundamental Rights in India was inspired by various democratic documents, primarily drawing from…

Introduction The balance of power in international relations refers to a fundamental concept where nations or alliances strategically distribute military, economic, and political influence to prevent any single entity from achieving dominance, thereby fostering stability and deterring aggression through mutual restraint. Rooted in realist theory, this equilibrium is maintained either by enhancing a state’s own…