Slides – Teaching Aid Introduction: War is a form of armed conflict that occurs between states, governments, societies, or organized groups, typically characterized by extreme violence, widespread destruction, and high mortality rates. Throughout history, war has shaped nations and civilizations, often arising from causes such as political disputes, economic interests, territorial claims, religious differences, and…

Slides – Teaching Aid Introduction The “end of ideology” thesis argues that classic ideological conflicts in world politics—especially those rooted in grand, all-encompassing theories—have diminished in importance. Instead, pragmatism and consensus on certain core values, approaches, and institutions have come to dominate international relations, especially since the mid-20th century. Key Thinkers and the Thesis Daniel…

Slides – Teaching Aid What Is Postmodernism? Postmodernism in international relations (IR) is a critical approach that challenges the assumptions, language, and “grand narratives” of traditional IR theories like realism and liberalism. Rather than seeing the world as governed by fixed, objective truths and clear hierarchies, postmodernists argue that reality, power, and even the idea of…

Slides – Teaching Aid Introduction Critical International Theory represents a broad family of approaches in IR that seek to challenge and transform prevailing structures of power, knowledge, and identity in world politics. Rooted in philosophical traditions such as Marxism and influenced by the Frankfurt School, Critical Theory interrogates the status quo rather than accepting it as…

Slides – Teaching Aid Introduction Social constructivism is a major theory within International Relations (IR) that emphasizes the significance of ideas, beliefs, and shared meanings in the formation of international systems, their behavior, and outcomes. Unlike realism and liberalism—which stress material power and institutions—constructivism argues that the global political landscape is shaped primarily through social…

PPT Slides Printable PDF – English The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) of India is a crucial institution that supports the Prime Minister in the administration, coordination, and oversight of government functions. Its detailed functions include the following: 1. Secretarial Support and Advisory Role 2. Policy Coordination and Implementation 3. Handling High-Level Appointments and Approvals 4.…

Slides – Teaching Aid Slides – Kannada In the administrative framework of Indian states, the Chief Secretary holds the most senior executive position, functioning as the head of the state’s civil services and the State Secretariat12. This office is the central point of state administration, ensuring coordination, policy implementation, and providing crucial advisory support to…

Slides – Teaching Aid Slides – Kannada 1. Introduction: Guardian of the Public Purse The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is a supreme constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. As the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the CAG is the chief auditor of the nation’s finances…

Slides – Teaching Aid 1. Introduction: The Bedrock of Indian Fiscal Federalism The Finance Commission of India is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. It is a cornerstone of India’s fiscal federalism, designed to define and periodically readjust the financial relations between the central government (the Union) and the individual…

Slides – for Teaching Introduction The National Development Council (NDC) of India, known as the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad, is the apex policy-making body established on August 6, 1952, to facilitate cooperation between the central and state governments for national development. Chaired by the Prime Minister, the NDC serves as a high-level forum for deliberations and…