Introduction The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of India’s bicameral Parliament, with the Rajya Sabha as its upper counterpart. Established by the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha represents the direct voice of the Indian people, with its members elected by citizens across constituencies in India. The…

Constitutional Provisions Related to the Vice President: Article 63: Article 64 Article 66: Article 67: Article 68: Article 71: Other Relevant Provisions: These provisions ensure the Vice President’s role as a key constitutional officer with specific legislative and ceremonial duties, acting as the link between the legislative and executive branches of the Indian government. Powers…

what is energy Security Energy security in international relations refers to the accessibility, reliability, and sustainability of energy supplies to ensure national and global stability. It encompasses the policies, strategies, and measures that countries implement to safeguard their energy resources, diversify their energy sources, and protect against potential disruptions or crises that could impact energy…

Introduction International money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money by passing it through complex financial transactions across multiple countries, making it appear legitimate. This illicit activity is often linked to criminal enterprises such as drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and tax evasion. Money laundering exploits global financial systems, using banks,…

introduction International drug trafficking is a global issue involving the illegal production, transportation, and distribution of controlled substances across national borders. It encompasses a wide range of drugs, including cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, and synthetic opioids, which are often manufactured in one country and smuggled into others, particularly targeting high-demand markets. This illicit trade is facilitated…

Introduction Arms trafficking has become a critical issue in international relations, posing significant challenges to global security, stability, and human rights. This illicit trade involves the illegal sale and distribution of weapons and military equipment across borders, often fueling conflicts, exacerbating violence, and undermining state authority. Arms trafficking operates in a complex landscape where demand…

Introduction Nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology across nations, remains one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary international relations. This phenomenon encompasses both horizontal proliferation, where new states acquire nuclear capabilities, and vertical proliferation, where existing nuclear powers expand their arsenals. The implications of nuclear proliferation extend beyond national security…

Introduction Terrorism has emerged as a significant and complex challenge in international affairs, affecting global security, political stability, and societal cohesion. As a tactic employed by various groups—ranging from organized militant organizations to lone-wolf actors—terrorism seeks to instill fear, disrupt societies, and advance political or ideological agendas through violence. The transnational nature of terrorism means…

Introduction Poverty, development, and human security are interconnected issues that lie at the core of world politics, shaping national policies and international relations. As globalization progresses, the disparities between wealthy and impoverished nations become increasingly pronounced, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable development strategies that prioritize human welfare. Poverty not only undermines economic growth but…

introduction Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, driven primarily by human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial processes that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This phenomenon results in rising global temperatures, altered weather patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, posing significant threats…