introduction The 101st Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 2016, marked a transformative step in India’s economic and constitutional landscape by introducing the Goods and Services Tax (GST). This amendment streamlined the country’s complex indirect tax system by replacing multiple central and state taxes with a unified tax structure. The amendment added Articles 246A,…

introduction The 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 2002, marked a significant milestone in the evolution of education policy in India. This amendment made the Right to Education a fundamental right, ensuring that every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years has access to free and compulsory education. It introduced…

introduction The 74th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1992, marked a significant step in strengthening grassroots democracy by institutionalizing urban local governance. This amendment introduced Part IX-A, dedicated to municipalities, and added the Twelfth Schedule, which enumerates 18 functional areas of local self-governance, such as urban planning, public health, and slum improvement. The…

introduction The 73rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1992, marked a significant milestone in India’s democratic framework by empowering local self-governance. This amendment introduced a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) in rural areas, aiming to decentralize power and ensure grassroots participation in governance. By granting constitutional status to PRIs, the amendment…

introduction The 61st Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1988, is a significant reform that lowered the voting age for parliamentary and assembly elections from 21 to 18 years. This amendment altered Article 326 of the Constitution, expanding the electorate and encouraging greater youth participation in India’s democratic process. The primary aim was to…

Introduction The 42nd Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1976 during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, is one of the most significant and controversial amendments in Indian constitutional history. Often referred to as the “mini-Constitution” due to its sweeping changes, this amendment sought to strengthen the central government’s powers, curtail the…

introduction The amendment procedure of the Indian Constitution is a crucial mechanism that allows for adaptability and change within India’s legal and governance framework. Article 368 of the Constitution outlines this process, empowering the Parliament to modify constitutional provisions as needed to address evolving social, economic, and political conditions. The Indian Constitution is a blend…

introduction The relationship between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is central to the functioning of India’s bicameral parliamentary system. While both houses work together to shape legislation and oversee the government, each has distinct powers and responsibilities that reflect India’s democratic and federal structure. The Lok Sabha, as the directly elected lower house,…

introduction The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of India’s Parliament, functioning alongside the Lok Sabha, or the House of the People. Established under Article 80 of the Indian Constitution, the Rajya Sabha represents the states and union territories of India, providing a platform for regional interests at the national…