References Tripura University Notes

Introduction Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) was a Russian‑British historian of ideas and political theorist whose lucid essays revived Anglophone political philosophy and anchored modern liberal thought in a distinctive defense of freedom and value pluralism. Best known for the essay “Two Concepts of Liberty,” he drew a seminal distinction between negative liberty—freedom from coercion—and positive…

PPT Download Introduction Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) is the landmark Supreme Court case that crystallized the basic structure doctrine, holding that while Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is vast, it cannot alter or destroy its fundamental framework. The petition, brought by the head of the Edneer Mutt challenging…

PPT Download Introduction The Golaknath case, formally I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1967), is a landmark Supreme Court decision that held Parliament could not amend or abridge Fundamental Rights under Part III by using its amending power, treating constitutional amendments as “law” subject to Article 13 and thus void if they curtailed…

PDF Kannada Further Reading Introduction St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE), a pivotal figure in medieval political thought, revolutionized Christian philosophy by integrating Platonic ideas with biblical theology, particularly in his seminal work “The City of God,” where he distinguished between the earthly city, bound by temporal power and human sin, and the heavenly city,…

Fundamental Rights in India appear in Part III of the Constitution, encompassing Articles 12 to 35. These rights guarantee essential freedoms and protections to all citizens for the development of their personalities and maintaining equality, liberty, and justice. Historically, the concept of Fundamental Rights in India was inspired by various democratic documents, primarily drawing from…

Introduction The balance of power in international relations refers to a fundamental concept where nations or alliances strategically distribute military, economic, and political influence to prevent any single entity from achieving dominance, thereby fostering stability and deterring aggression through mutual restraint. Rooted in realist theory, this equilibrium is maintained either by enhancing a state’s own…

Medieval political thought, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th centuries, was profoundly shaped by Christianity, classical philosophy, and feudal structures, emphasizing the interplay between divine authority, governance, and moral order. Key features include the dominance of religious doctrine and hierarchical systems that influenced rulers and societies across Europe. Here are 10 important features,…

Introduction The scope of political science encompasses the systematic study of the state, government, and political systems, extending to power dynamics, human political behavior, and international relations. It includes analyzing the nature and formation of states and governments, associations and institutions, national and international problems such as defense and sovereignty, as well as concepts like…

Introduction to Political Science “When I see a set of questions titled “Political Science”, I regret, not the questions but the title!!” – Maitland. Political Science is a dynamic and multifaceted discipline that explores the intricacies of power, governance, and human societies. Often described as the “master science” by ancient thinkers like Aristotle, who famously…